Outline

Yield losses in agriculture

Disease Control Market

Crop Disease

Traditional disease control measures

Traditional disease control measures

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Difficulties with genetic approaches to disease problems

Industry Consequences

Two Blades Foundation

Rationale for 2Blades’ Existence

2Blades Strategy

Program Selection Criteria

People

Scientific Advisory Board

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Banana Xanthomonas Wilt

Wheat Stem Rust (Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici Ug99)

Variation in Pgt Isolates

Why Have Major R Genes Been De-Emphasized?

Wheat Stem Rust Resistance Strategy

Aegilops sharonensis

Aegilops sharonensis as a source of R genes effective against Ug99

Bulked Segregant Analysis

Hypothetical Example

Hypothetical Example

Simple Case — 4 markers

Whole Genome Sequencing – “Infinite” Number of Markers

Challenges to Our Approach

Rust infection and host immunity

Rust infection and host immunity

Effectors and R Genes Can Work Across Species

Why Pathogen Effectors?

Conclusions/Outlook